Which learning theory posits that movement must be understood before you can perform it correctly?

• A. Behaviorism
• B. Constructivism
• C. Humanism
• D. Cognitivism

Answer: (D)

Cognitivism emphasizes internal mental processing—how learners understand, organize, and use information to guide action. In motor learning, this means you need a clear mental model of the movement, including the sequence, relationships between body parts, and expected outcomes, before you can execute it well. When the movement is understood conceptually, the learner can plan, anticipate errors, and use feedback to refine the action, moving toward more accurate and coordinated performance. For example, a tennis serve becomes effective as the player understands the toss, swing path, and contact point and can visualize or verbalize how they should unfold. Other theories focus more on reinforcement, personal growth, or constructing knowledge through experience, but the emphasis on understanding before performing aligns with cognitivism.